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˲Ųʷչ

˲ŲѧһżȹĿѧ˵ϣΪ˲Ų˼ʵӹŴУҹǧǰͿʼ˿ԣͳѡιԱҪֶΣ˵ᣬΪԱͳڿʼִѧ˲ŲۺͼſʼγɺͷչõԽԽ㷺Ӧá

ĽͿѧķչ棬֮ڸԡ 19 ĩڣʵҪڽҽԲֶκͲչоߵļ;˵Ϸȡ˺ܴɼָܷչԵȱݣĶͯҪеѵָʷ쳣Ҫϳر𿴴ơı£ѧתоͨͬ;ȡͬһķͲֶ빤ߡ 1905 ꣬ѧұ (Binet,A) ˵һָ߼ӵȡͨ۲ּ򵥵ΪԼ⹹ĸأӶ˽һ˵ˮƽʱųɹسϵһ -- - ӴԺ鱻ΪЧߣ˲ҲӴ˸ؿչˡ

ִ˲Ųķչ

ŵһIJǸŬرƺ顣տʼҪڽٴĽһչӦ÷Χں̶ܴܻڵһս 1917 ꣬սѧҲξʼΪսΪѡκͷɹٱ뿼ǵǵIJͬˮƽһٶˣʵһ뷨ֻܲȡģʩⷽΪ˱Ƴ½ֲ顣ǷʿĻˮƽͬӰ쵽ЧǺֳ˷ֵ½ֲ顣 1917 3 1919 1 ¼䣬 200 ٱμ˲ԣȡijЧ

ս󲻾ãڲٱһ½ֲ½ֲ鱻ѸӦᣬɴ 20 ˶˿ȵͷΪײ㡢ȺƵ鲻ϳ֡ͬʱݹҵŵ˲ѡκͰùҪԼְҵѯѧֿʼƸְҵ飬Ҫ֡顢еȷ顣ڰְҵѡصϷ棬ѧ˹ (Srong E.K.) Ҫɼ 1927 ƳϵһְҵȤ顰˹ְҵȤܵӡ

40 50 ѧǿʼʵְߵġλʺ϶ȡҲ˵ǴӴ˿ʼԽԽְƥ䡣ͨΪ˴ﵽĿ꣬ѧҪȶְ߽һμ򵥵̸Ȼһϵֽʲ飬ͨ顢ͶԲ顣 60 Ժļչ˾ʼӦãʹò󲻽ͨԱΪչи߲Աļۺ˲顢Ժ龰ģ⼼ʹЧԭӿɿЧо ( Ӣ 1994) ѡγľɫһ׼ѡγľеijɫ߶ 50% Ļýϸ۵˱Ȼýϵ۵˸׵õ籨绰˾Ϊڶһѡ˽ۺ󣬰ѽ 8 󣬰ѽʵк˶ԣǰԤǨĺѡѾн 64% ˱ΪвܣǰԤⲻĺѡУֻ 32% ΪвܡĵЧԽϸߣĿǰ˼ѳΪ۸ԱҪߡ

ʮŲרҵרṩ˲ŲĹ˾ǰ˲ŲӦԴĸ򡣱 1 ʾ˲ڸӦõһ (Hansen & Conrad,1991)

1 ˲ŲӦƵ

Դĸ ˲ŲƵ

յѡξ 83%

ᡡ 76%

ְҵչ 67%

ְҵѯ 66%

ɹƻ 47%

ӦƸɸѡ 42%

Աѯ 30%

ǿԿ˲Ųѵõ㷺Ӧã˲ŲγһҵΪÿ˲ŲֱѴﵽʮԪ֮࣬ѯѵãɴһٶԪڸ˵УѧҵǽˣҪָIJԡ

ҹ˲Ųķչ

ҹڱͶʮҲѾʼӦˣҪӦڽ򡣺ڿսжϡԭѧкܳһʱ䱻Ϊαѧ˲Ų˸ʽԴ 1949 1979 ꣬ҹ˲ŲоӦ÷ͣ״̬ 80 ʼнʮȥˡعʮ꣬˲Ųҵҹкܴ˲Ųʶ˲ŲӦã˿ϲı仯Ϊ˲Ųʮķչ̣ԷΪ׶Ρ

( һ ) ս׶ (1980 1988 )

˽׶εصǴӻָ鿪ʼչȽIJ鼼˵ 1982 ꣬޶桰йβ顱ִźӵ޶Τ϶ͯ˸鷽棬ά޶մ˸ʾٸҫȵȷֱ޶˰ɭ˸ʾ ʱӦҪڽᾭú١ʱֻѧߺͲרҿʼᾭпչ˲ŲӦопԺ޶˲Ϊ PM ҵԱIJмӦãȡ˽ϺõijЧԭݴѧϵ㽭ʡί֯ίУڻظɲпչ˲ʲоӦãõйزŵϿɡЩоΪҹ˲Ųҵķչһƶá˵ʱ˲Ųķչѿʱڣ˲Ųú٣ӰҲСԭ档һ˲ŲʶܲǴ󶼻ִ֪˲Ųʲôʲô;ҵλ˵ڳϰڴͳѡ˰취Ҫʶִ˲ŲòãҪһ̵ġҹǰ˲Ϊе״˲źӶ᲻˲ŲҪȻҲûҪڴ˲Ųоʵѧ߽٣ҵλѡ˵IJֶκ͹ȱͲ߷˵ʽĽ鲻٣ԱƸԷáΪ֪ӦƸڻشʾʱزʾԼʵ뷨ڱ¼õķʽش⡣ϼԭ򣬾 80 רҺѧ߽ƹ˲ŲӦãղδȡԳЧ

( ) Ӧý׶ (1989 1992 )

˽׶εһصǹҹԱ¼ÿƶȿʼ 1989 1 , 鲿²·ˡڹز乤Աʵп԰취֪ͨ , ҪϹز쵼ְĹԱʱ , Ҫյ²ż汸ı׼ , , ϸ񿼺 , ¼áӴԺ , 빫Աе˱뾭͹ۻ , ־ŹһƶпʼӦִ˲Ų 1992 , ȫ 29 ʡ , Ժ 3 Ŷ̶ͬȵز˲ŲԱ , ȡЧʹ˲ŲǵĹ㷺עͬʱ , ҹڸ߼ԱҲʼ˲ŲϺĴϵʡжʼִ˲Ųѡּ쵼 , ֶΰֽʲ顢ṹԡļ龰ģȵȡѡηʽȽϿ͹۹ , Ļӭͳ̡

( ) ٷչ׶ (1993 )

, ضձ齨˲гԵҪϺ˲гϷ˲гȴ͵˲ŷг , ؼϵijҲ׷׽С˲гʹø˻Ȩ , Ҳ˸ҵɺͻᡣ˲Žձٽִ˲Ųĸ췢չΪijϽ , ˲гƷг , ƷDZֵʹüֵΪ , ˲Žͬмֵ߶ȡͳ˲żֵ߶ǽѧְƵȵ , Щָֻͨ˵ijЩ , ܿ͹׼ȷطӳ˲ŵֵ˵ѧ , طӳһܽĶ , ʹһ̶ϿģطӦƼ˲ŵļֵС , ڹ˲ŵļֵߵ򼸺޷֡ , Ҫ͹׼ȷطӳ˲ŵļֵ , ˲ŲӦ , ˲ŲӦ󲻶 , µ˲ŲֶβϷչ , ˲ŲоͷĻҲࡣЩҹ˲Ųҵѽһٷչ׶Ρ

ź Զ

˲ŲĹ

˲Ųж෽ĹܣҪ棺

1

˲ŲֱӡĹܡνָ˲״ӡˮƽߵ͵ļDz֮ʲ죬Ǻܲʹɼ̶ȣǷ߱涨ʸͳģ׼

2 Ϻͷ

뷴໥ϵศɵĹܡָͨҳʹɼչϵ⼰㡣ָݲṩ͸ĽȱϢȱͲ㼰ԭŻ˷ȱ㣬ƣƶȫ淢չ

3 Ԥͼ

ԤͼܣܽΪԤ⹦ܣָͨ˲״̬ļԤ֪ƲʷչԤЧȡ˲ȶ̶ȡܣָͨ˲ϺͷʹܲǿȡģʹڷѧϰŬ쾡һ֪ʶʵңͨͬ;Լ־ΪԹҡ˲šеֵþǼ

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